Standard deviation from discrete values

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Yes.
Std-dev is the root of the variance. The variance can be defined as:
the-mean-of-square-values minus the-square-of-the-value-mean.

Thus, you can keep 3 running values:

1. The number of processed pixels: n;
2. The sums of all the pixels - m_x;
3. The sum of the squares of all the pixels m_xx.

The variance is then: float var = (m_xx - m_x)/n;
The std-dev is thus: float stddev = sqrt(var);.