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There's a couple of questions in your question. So let me know if I got everything.
The camera synchronization is not really an OpenCV thing. If it is possible through OpenCV, it's almost certainly easier through the camera API.
Looks like you've got a plan for identifying the dots, so that's good.
For detecting the dots, step 1 is manual. Point laser at object, take picture. Can you see the dot in the picture? If the answer is no, you'll need to improve things. Better sensitivity, brighter laser, narrow filter over the lens, ect.
Then, take a couple of sample pictures to see if you can detect the dots automatically. Lots of ways to do it, so it's up to you to figure out which is best for your use case. It's better to take some sample images, try the simple stuff like thresholding and color filtering (try the more complicated stuff too, if you can), and then post another question with images so we can actually help.